Data and Agriculture: An explainer
Governments, NGOs, exporters, and agri-tech companies are increasingly collecting farm data such as GPS farm boundaries, crop types, yield estimates, farmer identities, and sustainability records.
But why is this happening?
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Because export markets, climate programmes, and supply-chain regulations now demand traceability and digital records under the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).
This has lead to concerns from farmers about:
- Who owns farmer data
- Whether they benefit from it
- Whether companies profit more than farmers
- Whether smallholders fully understand how their data is used
Governments, researchers, and development organisations have identified data governance, data sharing, and farmer control as major issues in digital agriculture.
This dynamic can be seen in supply chains for export crops like coffee and cocoa, where buyers require:
- Farm mapping
- Certification
- Traceability systems
- Environmental compliance
Evidence suggests the situation is mixed:
- Sometimes buyers, NGOs, or aid programmes cover mapping costs
- Sometimes governments or cooperatives pay
- Sometimes farmers pay indirectly through fees or deductions
- Sometimes mapping is technically optional but economically hard to refuse
The bigger underlying issue is that digital agriculture creates valuable data, but smallholder farmers often have less bargaining power.